Conservation Psychology

Click one of the links below or scroll down the page to see:

Lecture/Discussion Topics

• What is Conservation Psychology?
• There are No “Environmental” Problems
• Can Psychology Help Save The World?
• How Important is it?
• What Is “Sustainability”?
• Mindfulness and Sustainability
• Towards A New Worldview: Three Dimensions of the Great Turning
• The Power of the Individual
• The Behavioral Wedge

Class Activities

• Reviewing Psychology Literature On Environmental Problems
• Environmental Worldview Scale
• Reflecting On My Ecological Footprint
• Voluntary Simplicity
• Thinking Globally, Acting Personally
• Improving My Corner Of The World
• Living Your Strengths
• Imaging Our Power
• Should We “Forget Shorter Showers”?
• Seeing Sustainability In Your World
• Privilege Walk
• The Power of One: Book Report/Research Project
• Reading Ishmael As A Conservation Psychologist

Multimedia Resources

• Website: Conservation Psychology
• Websites: Educating For Sustainability
• Websites: Resources For Green Living
• Website: Images Of U. S. Consumption: Chris Jordan
• Website and Film: Dr. Wangari Maathai
• Film: What animals are thinking and feeling, and why it should matter
• Film and Book: Psychology for a Better World: Strategies to Inspire Sustainability (2011)
• Film: How to use a paper towel (2012; 4:28)
• Film: The Ecological Footprint: Accounting For A Small Planet

Suggested Readings for Students

• Click Here To Jump To List

References Cited in this Section

• Click Here To Jump To List

Lecture/Discussion Topics

What Is Conservation Psychology?

Conservation Psychology encompasses all of the diverse environmentally related work by psychologists in various subdisciplines. Like the meta-discipline of conservation biology, conservation psychology is conceived of as psychology with a conservation agenda– that is, psychology for a sustainable future (Saunders, 2003). The first conservation psychology textbook was published by Susan Clayton and Gene Myers in 2009 (Clayton & Myers, 2009). All of the topics described on this web-site could be included in a conservation psychology class.

There are No “Environmental” Problems

Ask students what “environmental problems” they’re concerned about, and put the list on the board.  Then ask, what do all of these things have in common?  Answer: all caused by human behavior.  Point out that if human behavior is the cause, then human behavior is also the solution. (For more on this approach to environmental issues, see Psychology for Sustainability (Scott, Amel, Koger & Manning, 2016.)) 

Can Psychology Help Save The World?

Susan Clayton and Amara Brook (2005)– and many others of us (e.g., Scott, et al., 2016)– think it can and it will! Top down change alone (e.g., in the form of environmental and social policy) is not going to move the world in a sustainable direction. The transition will require a shift in individual values and behaviors at the grassroots level. Granted, people’s behavior is constrained by legal and economic structures, but even people who have the ability to make more earth-friendly choices often fail to do so. In this way, the environmental crisis comes down to the behaviors of individuals. As the social science most focused on individual behavior, psychology is destined to play a valuable role in our sustainable future.

How Important is it?

Dallase Scott contributed this exercise (reprinted with permission). The full activity can take between 30-60 minutes, but is very effective in introducing students to the basis of our collective problem: that even though we can’t live without a healthy environment, it’s the last thing we think about when making everyday decisions.

What Is “Sustainability”?

Students are bound to have heard the term “sustainability,” but they may not have a solid grasp of what the concept means; in fact, the experts don’t entirely agree. Students will have some sense that a sustainable future is one that is less consumptive than the present. They will likely describe the importance of alternative energy sources. Sustainability means much more than these things, however. An accessible model consisting of four principles for sustainability can be found on the website for the Natural Step, an organization that works with businesses to promote socially, economically, and ecologically sustainable practices.

Mindfulness and Sustainability

Ask students to consider how both nonmeditative and meditative mindfulness may have relevance for sustainability. Ericson, Kjønstad, & Barstad (2014) reviewed the growing literature on the relationships between mindfulness practices, subjective well-being, and sustainable lifestyles. Instructors could lecture on the article, or assign it as a supplemental reading (recommended).

• Being “here and now” enables greater intentional deliberation and evaluation of the consequences of one’s actions, including environmental impact (vs. unconscious, habitual and unsustainable behaviors);
• Mindfulness can help avoid the “hedonic treadmill” of prioritizing materialistic consumption and financial wealth;
• Mindfully clarifying and acting in accordance with core values is intrinsically reinforcing, and can promote sustainable behavior;
• Mindfulness can stimulate empathy and compassion, including for non-human nature.

Towards A New Worldview: Three Dimensions of The Great Turning

Macy and Johnstone (2012) described The Great Turning — the emergence of a new worldview, comprised of a) holding actions, which raise awareness and slow down the damage humans are causing; b) sustainable practices (e.g., changes in agriculture, along with green building, and the “triple bottom line” in industry); and c) a shift in collective consciousness, along with community building and spiritual/faith coalitions. (See their graphic here.)

After describing this model, students could discuss ways in which they see evidence of each of these three processes, and/or how each process is relevant to their individual lives. For instance, with respect to the shift in consciousness, students could discuss calls towards sustainable practices from various faith communities (e.g., Pope Francis, 2015 and/or The Earth Charter; see also the activity on Faith-Based Responses to Climate Change).

The Power of the Individual

There are at least 4 ways to engage directly with sustainability initiatives (cf Harré’s, 2011 description of personal, group, and civic/political levels of action):   

1. “Not contributing to the problem is part of the solution” (author unknown).  Lifestyle choices matter (refuse to use/reduce consumption; see also the class activity below, Thinking Globally, Acting Personally);
2. Political action (vote, write letters to legislators);
3. Impact industry (demand determines supply; write letters to businesses);
4. Spread the word within group affiliations (friends, family, co-workers), e.g., via social networking.  

Note that if each person in class told 2 friends about what they’re learning in class, and each of them told 2 friends, it would take just over 28 doublings to reach nearly the entire United States population.  2^28 = 268,435,456 (Current U.S. population = 320+ million). Instructors could relate this to the concept of exponential growth.  Some instructors might remember an old Faberge’ shampoo commercial that illustrates this point.

The Behavioral Wedge

A team of prominent researchers compiled resources on The Behavioral Wedge based on four premises (see also Dietz, et al., 2009):

• Changes at the level of individual households can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
• primarily via use of more energy-efficient technologies (especially fuel efficient vehicles, driving behavior, weatherization, appliances, and HVAC equipment).
• Voluntary action needs to be complemented by policies and programs to overcome the main barriers to behavioral change.
• Behavior change programs should be designed using the best available evidence-based practices.  

The website apparently hasn’t been updated since 2009, but is a starting point for a class lecture or discussion on the individual actions deemed to have the most impact, including a graphic illustrating the relative impact of each of 17 household behaviors.  Alternatively, instead of leading with the graphic/site, instructors could ask students to hypothesize which household behaviors are most impactful, and then compare their responses to the graphic.

CLASS ACTIVITIES

Reviewing Psychology Literature On Environmental Issues

We have embedded a plethora of research citations in this manual, but our reference list is by no means exhaustive. Have students pick an environmental issue (e.g., recycling, energy conservation, wildlife protection) or a specific journal (e.g., Environment and Behavior) and conduct a literature search to find recent publications that apply psychology to the environment. A simple assignment is to compile citations and abstracts; a more in-depth assignment is to write a paper in the form of a literature review that summarizes and compares a limited number of the references they find. In-class presentations are a good way for students to hear about the breadth of current environmentally related psychology research.

Environmental Worldview Scale

 Ask students to complete the Environmental Worldview Scale (Nooney, et al., 2003) using a 5 point scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Note that items 7-10 are reverse scored; instructors can vary the presentation of the items to intersperse those that are reverse scored. Higher scores are associated with greater pro-environmental attitudes (Nooney, et al., 2003).  

1. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.
2. When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences.
3. Humans have an ethical obligation to protect the environment.
4. We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.
5. There are limits to growth beyond which our industrialized society cannot expand.
6. Protecting the environment is so important that requirements and standards cannot be too high and continuing environmental improvements must be made regardless of cost.
7. Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their own needs.
8. Mankind was created to rule over the rest of nature.
9. Plants and animals exist primarily to be used by humans.
10. Humans need not adapt to the environment because they can make it suit their needs.

Reflecting On My Ecological Footprint

Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees (1996) coined the term “ecological footprint” to describe the impact of an individual human or group of humans on the earth based on their consumption of resources including water, energy, food, space, and various materials. The measurement of ecological footprint is used to estimate the amount of resources and space that would be needed to sustainably support a given lifestyle on a global scale (i.e., how many planets we would need for every individual to live a lifestyle with a particular ecological footprint). Environmental educators and advocates use the ecological footprint as a heuristic tool for raising awareness and inspiring lifestyle change among individuals. Have students take the ecological footprint quiz online and write a reflection essay. Questions for consideration in the essay or class discussion:

• How does your individual footprint compare with the average footprint of a U.S. citizen (5 planets; 184 global acres)? Are you surprised by your score? Why or why not?
• The tool breaks your footprint down into carbon, food, housing, goods & services; does the similarity between your lifestyle and that of the average American differ across categories?
• What impacts might result if everyone in the world enjoyed the same lifestyle that you do? How would it impact you personally if this were the case?
• Does reducing the size of our footprint necessarily mean reducing our quality of life? Why or why not? Are there ways of enhancing quality of life while lowering impact? (Some examples might include driving a higher mileage car, generating less waste, saving money by using more efficient appliances.)
• Were any footprint quiz questions difficult to answer or not directly relevant? What is your opinion of the ecological footprint as a heuristic tool for raising awareness and inspiring change?

To solidify personal involvement in this issue, students should include a pledge form describing what they will do to personally reduce their footprints and how progress will be monitored.

Voluntary Simplicity

Ask students to read about voluntary simplicity, and consider how they might incorporate its principles into their own lives. In what ways would it be easy? More challenging? What would be the costs as well as benefits? Ask them to commit to incorporating one change for one month, and then report back on their successes/challenges at the end of the trial period.  

Thinking Globally, Acting Personally

For this project, students individually examine one or more of their environmentally relevant behavior patterns and attempt to become more aware, document, and change the behavior. To help students select a behavior that will have significant impact, have them read Gardner & Stern’s (2008) short list of effective action to curb climate change for inspiration. Because this list applies to households, students may need to adapt for their college living circumstances, but just looking at it will help dispell some common misconceptions (e.g., that recycling is the most effective action an individual can take). Students may also feel inspired by perusing this list of personal sustainability actions [list contributed by Professor Shawn Meghan Burn]. It is important to provide clear guidelines for students to follow as they embark on their behavior change project. Follow these links to access instructions for this kind of activity from Christie Manning, Sue Koger, and Laurie Hollis-Walker.

Improving My Corner Of The World

A campus or community project examines an environmentally relevant practice of the college campus or surrounding community. It involves assessment of the situation, followed by educational and organizational efforts to work for improvement. This can be a collaborative project, conducted by a group of students from the class as well as students in other, related classes, the school’s environmental club, the community outreach office (if available), and local community groups. Projects can involve a variety of environmental issues.

• Click here for a PDF of guidelines for a project using psychology to improve a degraded site on the campus. (inspired by an activity described on the website of Canadian non-profit educational organization “Learning for a Sustainable Future”.)
• Click Community project for a PDF of Sue Koger’s version.

Students may want to consult the “Tools for Change” wesbite for case examples of successful community projects that have involved similar steps to those listed in the guidelines.

Living Your Strengths

Ask students to complete the VIA (Values in Action) strengths survey to identify their “signature strengths.” (See related lecture material on Strength of Character in the Mental Health module.)  Challenge students to discern ways they could use those strengths in a sustainability focused project, and record their experiences in their course journal. This could accompany the above projects, Thinking Globally, Acting Personally, or Improving my Corner of the World, or students could work in small groups in conceiving a new project. Ideally, they would use one of the identified strengths in a new way each day.

Imaging Our Power

“This practice helps students clarify their vision of their part in building a sustainable world, and to bring into focus a specific path or project to pursue” (Macy & Brown, 1998, p. 171). Students could work in pairs, with one orally responding to the following questions while the other works as a “scribe;” alternatively, students could be asked to respond to the questions in writing:

1. “If you knew you could not fail, and could let go of all your fears and doubts, what would you be doing for the healing of our world? Think big, with no ‘ifs or buts’ getting in the way.
2. “In pursuing this vision, what particular project do you want to undertake? Think in terms of what could be well underway if not fully accomplished within a year’s time.
3. “What resources, inner and outer, do you now have that will help you do that? Inner resources include strength of character and experience, knowledge, and skills; External include relationships, social networks, and money.
4. “What resources, inner and outer, will you need to acquire? What will you need to learn and obtain?
5. “What obstacles might you throw in the way of fulfilling your goals?
6. “How will you overcome these obstacles?
7. “What can you do in the next 24 hours, no matter how small the step (e.g., a quick phone call or email), that will move you toward your goal?

“If you did the exercise using a student scribe, have students take turns reporting back to each other from the notes, using the second-person pronoun: ‘You want to… You have… One way you might stop yourself is…’  The other student should listen as if hearing their marching orders from the universe.”

Should we “Forget Shorter Showers”?

Ask students to read the article, Forget shorter showers (Jensen, 2009), and the Christianity-based rebuttal by Juskus (2009). You could have students write a reaction paper (e.g., put the two arguments in their own words, and indicate which side is more persuasive), debate the two sides, or have a class discussion. You could also ask students to write their own rebuttal, based on your course content. Some potential reflection or discussion prompts are as follows (adapted from Bigelow & Swinehart, 2014, p. 324):

1. What do you think about Jensen’s statement that “Consumer culture and the capitalist mindset have taught us to substitute acts of personal consumption (or enlightenment) for organized political resistance”? Can you think of some examples that illustrate his point?
2. What are the limitations of changing individual consumption behaviors, according to Jensen? How does Juskus respond? How would you respond?
3. What are the benefits of simple living, according to Juskus (2009)? How might you reframe her argument from its focus on Christian teachings to a broader spirituality or values-orientation?
4. Who is ultimately responsible for the environmental crises, both their causes and solutions?
5. If we cannot consume – or “unconsume” – our way to a better world, what does Jensen suggest we do instead? What are some specific options that he might recommend?

Seeing Sustainability in your World

Arrange for a class trip or ask students to independently take a field trip to a farmer’s market, a second-hand store, or a local farm engaging in organic, permaculture, or other sustainable practices. You could also ask them to find examples of sharing programs in your community, and brainstorm ideas for more. Ask students to write up their observations, particularly as they relate to the development of an “ecological worldview” (Scott, et al., 2016).  Ask students to envision ways they could reduce and reuse, share and repair, repurpose and recycle, in their own lives.

Privilege Walk

Some argue that only the more wealthy and powerful (i.e., privileged) people have the opportunity to engage with sustainability, further disenfranchising the poor. One way to begin a conversation about privilege is with a sustainability-oriented version of The Privilege Walk (adapted from Young, 2006 by Christie Manning).  Before beginning the activity, be sure to note that a) participation is voluntary; b) if anyone feels uncomfortable at any time, they can leave the exercise; and c) all information revealed should be kept confidential by all participants.

Sustainability privilege-walk sentences

The Power of One: Book Report/Research Project

Countless individuals have made significant contributions to the environmental movement. Some have biographies or autobiographies available, others have written exposés. This assignment involves reading about one such individual or his/her cause, writing a report (5-7 pages), and preparing a brief (8-10 min.) presentation, including:

– background on the specific issue;
– why the issue is important to you;
– what the person/people did;
– your reactions to reading about the person/people;
– a list of the references you used for your research (using APA style citations and reference list). If you chose to do a book report, simply identify the book you read in the Reference section.

Reading Ishmael As A Conservation Psychologist

Daniel Quinn’s 1992 novel Ishmael: An adventure of the mind and spirit was the winner (chosen from more than 2500 entries) of Ted Turner’s “Tomorrow Fellowship,” awarded for a work of fiction offering positive solutions to global problems. Ishmael is a silverback lowland gorilla who adopts a Socratic approach to teach humans about ecology, life, and freedom. Both Sue Koger and Cay Anderson-Hanley use this novel with their psychology students. Koger suggests the following questions as the basis for a conservation psychology class discussion about the book:

• Is the book fundamentally optimistic or pessimistic?
• Why did Quinn choose a gorilla as the “teacher”?
• What is necessary for real change to occur? [Not just stopping things [e. g., behaviors]. Not just less of things. People need something positive to work for… They need a vision of the world and of themselves that inspires them” (pp. 243-244).]
• How would Ishmael respond to such contemporary issues as genetic engineering? NAFTA/CAFTA? Biomedical research?
• Do you agree that by taking “this educational journey with [Ishmael], you’ re going to find yourself alienated from the people around you — friends, family, past associates, and so on”? (p. 37). In other words, is being environmentally/socially conscious difficult? Do you perceive it as punishing, self-sacrificing, or giving up a lifestyle to which you feel entitled?
• What do the “Takers” do that is in violation of the Law that promotes diversity? [Exterminate competitors (kill for sake of killing); Destroy competitors’ food to make room for own; Deny competitors access to food; pp. 126-128.]
• How would you respond to the argument that increasing the food supply increases population? Does it follow that, in order to deal with overpopulation, the food supply should be restricted? Who should make such decisions? (pp. 133, 137).
• Many cultures value male babies more than females. According to Ishmael, this strategy may be adaptive from an evolutionary point of view [as a form of population control]. Explain and debate this idea. (pp. 179-180)
• What were the three dirty tricks that the gods played on man? [God didn’t put earth at the center of the universe (Copernicus); didn’t create humans separately, but rather, humans evolved in the same way as other animals (Darwin); and didn’t exempt man from the law that governs other species, promoting diversity of life. The world wasn’t made for one species. If we refuse to live under that law, we simply won’t live!]
• What is the significance of Ishmael’s death?
• How do you interpret the quote at the end of the book?

MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES

Website: Conservation Psychology

Carol Saunders at the Brookfield Zoo has created a rich online resource for conservation psychology, “the scientific study of the reciprocal relationships between humans and the rest of nature, with a particular focus on how to encourage conservation of the natural world.”

Websites: Educating For Sustainability

Helpful materials for sustainability educators are available at the following:

• Learning for a Sustainable Future is “a Canadian nonprofit organization whose mandate is to … integrate the concepts and principles of sustainable development into the curricula at all grade levels.” This site includes resources for k-12 teachers, but many of the activities could be adapted for use in undergraduate level courses on conservation psychology.
• Facing the Future “develops young people’s capacity and commitment to create thriving, sustainable, and peaceful local and global communities. We do this by equipping teachers and schools with the tools and strategies to help students: Understand global issues and sustainability in a way that shows the connections between population, environment, consumption, poverty and conflict; Develop a global perspective; Learn critical thinking skills; Be inspired to take personal action.”
• Northwest Earth Institute provides resources and “a framework to talk about our relationship with the planet and to share in discovering new ways to live, work, create and consume.”

Websites: Resources For Green Living

Once students begin to understand the importance of individual behavioral change, they are typically hungry for guidance on how to begin moving in a sustainable direction. The websites listed below offer some good resources:

• The Ultimate Guide to Cheap Green Living
• New Dream
• The Green Guide
• Ecomall
• EarthEasy: Ideas for Environmentally Sustainable Living
• GreenMatters: The Busy Person’s Guide to Greener Living

Website: Images of U.S. Consumption

Digital artist Chris Jordan’s exhibit, “Running the numbers: An American self-portrait” vividly confronts viewers with the tremendous amount of consumption and waste associated with the American lifestyle. For example, what initially looks like a version of Seurat’s “Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” turns out, upon closer inspection, to be an image comprised of 106,000 aluminum cans, the number used in the U.S. every thirty seconds.

Website and Film: Dr. Wangari Maathai

Dr. Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize in 2004 for her work on democracy, human rights, and environmental conservation. She founded the  Green Belt Movement, a grass-roots, “environmental organization that empowers communities, particularly women, to conserve the environment and improve livelihoods.” Be inspired by this short (2 minute) film about “being a hummingbird” like Dr. Maathai.

Film: What animals are thinking and feeling, and why it should matter (2016; 16:27)

Carl Safina, author of Beyond Words: What animals think and feel (2016), presents his argument in this compelling TED Talk. He concludes by asking, Do humans have what it takes to simply let life on earth continue?

Film and Book: Psychology for a Better World: Strategies to Inspire Sustainability (2011)

Psychologist Nikki Harre, Ph.D., is the author of the 2011 book Psychology for a Better World: Strategies to Inspire Sustainability. She has a 15-minute talk on YouTube.

 Film: How to use a paper towel (2012; 4:28)

Joe Smith describes how to use a paper towel: 13 billion paper towels are used by Americans every year. If each person reduced their use to one towel per hand-washing, that would save 571,230,000 pounds of paper.

Film: The Ecological Footprint: Accounting For A Small Planet (2005)

In this film, co-creator of the Ecological Footprint, Dr. Mathis Wackernagel, describes the tool and why we need to make an accounting of our individual impacts if we hope to secure a sustainable future. See details at http://bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/efoot.html.

Suggested Readings For Students

Clayton, S., & Brook, A. (2005). Can psychology help save the world? A model for conservation psychology. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5, 1-15.

Clayton, S. & Myers, G. (2015). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human care for nature (2nd edition). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Ericson, T., Kjønstad, B. G., & Barstad, A. (2014). Mindfulness and sustainability. Ecological Economics, 104, 73-79.

Jensen, D. (2009, July/August). Forget shorter showers. Orion Magazine. 

Juskus, K. L. (2009, Aug 18). A danger and a hope: part one. Flourish Magazine. Retrieved 12/10/18.

Lifton, R. J. (2014, Aug. 23). The Climate Swerve. The New York Times. 

Nickerson, R. S. (2003). Psychology and environmental change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Saunders, C. D. (2003). The emerging field of conservation psychology. Human Ecology Review, 10, 137-149.

Scott, B. A., Amel, E. A., Koger, S. M., & Manning, C. M. (2016). Psychology for sustainability (4th ed). New York: Routledge.

Steg, L., van den Berg, A. E., & de Groot, J. I. M. (2012).  Environmental psychology: An introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.

Worrall, S. (2015, July 15). Yes, animals think and feel. Here’s how we know. National Geographic Online.

References Cited In This Section

Bigelow, B. & Swinehart, T. (2014). A people’s  curriculum for the earth: Teaching climate change and the environmental crisis. (pp. 315 & 325). Milwaukee WI: Rethinking Schools.

Clayton, S. & Brook, A. (2005). Can psychology help save the world? A model for conservation psychology. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 1-15.

Clayton, S. & Myers, G. (2009). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human careor nature. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Dietz, T., Gardner, G.T., Gilligan, J., Stern, P.C. & Vandenbergh, M.P. (2009). Household actions can provide a behavioral wedge to rapidly reduce US carbon emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106., 18452–18456.

Ericson, T., Kjønstad, B. G., & Barstad, A. (2014). Mindfulness and sustainability. Ecological Economics, 104, 73-79.

Gardner, G. T. & Stern, P. C. (2008, Sept/Oct). The short list: The most effective actions U.S. households can take to curb climate change. Environment. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.

Harre’, N. (2011). Psychology for a Better World: Strategies to Inspire Sustainability. Available online.

Jensen, D. (2009, July/August). Forget shorter showers. Orion Magazine. 

Juskus, K. L. (2009, Aug 18). A danger and a hope: part one. Flourish Magazine. Retrieved 12/10/18.

Macy, J. & Brown, M. Y. (1998). Coming Back to Life (p. 169). Gabriola Island, BC, Canada. This book contains many helpful suggestions for group work; See also http://workthatreconnects.org/

Macy, J. & Johnstone, C. (2012). Active Hope: How to Face the Mess We’re in Without Going Crazy. Novato, CA: New World Library, p. 32.

Nickerson, R. S. (2003). Psychology and environmental change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Nooney, J., Woodrum, E., Hoban, T., & Clifford, W. (2003). Environmental worldview and behavior: Consequences of dimensionality in a survey of North Carolinians. Environment & Behavior, 35(6), 763-783.

Quinn, D. (1992). Ishmael: An adventure of the mind and spirit. New York: Bantam-Turner Books.

Rasmussen, L. L. (2013). Earth-honoring faith: A decade project, Ghost Ranch, Abiquiu, New Mexico.

Saunders, C. D. (2003). The emerging field of conservation psychology. Human Ecology Review, 10, 137-149.

Scott, B. A., Amel, E. A., Koger, S. M., & Manning, C. M. (2016). Psychology for sustainability (4th ed). New York: Routledge.

Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society.

Watson, D., & Tharp, R. (2004). Self-directed behavior: Self modification for personal adjustment. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Winter, D. D., & Koger, S. M. (2004). The psychology of environmental problems (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Young, T. J. (2006). The privilege walk workshop: Learning more about privilege in today’s society. Diversity Workshop, Azusa Pacific University. Retrieved 11/2/15 from http://www.collegesuccess1.com/InstructorManual4thEd/Diversity/ThePrivilegeWalkExercise.doc